Lesson 11 Not guilty 无罪
New words and expression 生词和短语
Guilty adj.犯罪的，违法的
-- He felt guilty when he did what he shouldn‘t have done.
-- He said that with a guilty smile.
Guilt (n.罪行, 内疚) guiltily (adv.有罪地, 有罪似地)
反义词：innocent (adj.清白的, 无罪的) innocence (n.清白)
tolerant adj.宽容的 à Tolerantly (adv.)
-- A tolerant person must be easy going. 一个宽容的人一定是很好相处的。
Tolerance (n.宽容, 忍受, 容忍) Tolerate (vt.忍受, 容忍)
Tolerable (adj.可忍受的) hardship (n.困苦, 艰难, 辛苦)
-- The hardship is tolerable. 这种困苦还是可以忍受的。
declare v.申报
hardened adj.有经验的（侧重于老练的）
-- a hardened player / a hardened thief
experienced adj.富有经验的 (侧重于有经验的)
-- an experienced teacher
professional adj.职业的，专业的
-- a professional player 一个职业的选手
smuggler n.走私者
officious adj.爱管闲事的 / Officiousness (n.)
-- A lot of old ladies are officious.
Officious adj.多管闲事的, 非官方的, 非正式的, 专横的
-- civil（adj.全民的, 市民的, 公民的, 国民的）
-- servant（n.仆人）
-- civil servant n.文职人员,公务员,公仆,(联合国等机构的行政人员)
-- officious civil servant 爱管闲事的的公务员
-- an officious police officer 专横的的警官
Officiously（adv.多管闲事的, 非正式的, 非官方的）
official adj.官方的, 官员的, 正式的
-- An official inquiry will be made into this matter.（inquiry n.质询, 调查）
此事将进行一次官方调查。
Confidently adv.自信地（= with confidence 充满信心的）
-- He went to do the work confidently.
Confident (adj.自信的, 确信的)
Confidence (n.信心)
-- have confidence 有信心 / gain confidence 获得信心
in confidence (悄悄的,秘密的) = secretly
take sb into one‘s confidence 以某人为心腹
-- The boss takes his secretary into his confidence.
dreadful adj.可怕的，一团糟的 （= frightful adj.糟糕的, 讨厌的）
dreadful（侧重于可怕的, 乱七八糟的）
-- The room is dreadful / a frightful day
fearful（表示胆怯的, 恐惧的）
-- she felt fearful particularly when she went out at night.（adv.独特地, 显著地）
pounce v.猛抓，扑住
perfume n.香水（人造的）
fragrance （抽象名词）n.芬芳, 芳香, 香气, 香味
sarcastically adv.讽刺地
exempt adj.被免除的
duty n.税
-- Customs Duty 关税 / duty free 免税的
-- Stamp Duty 印花税 （stamp n.邮票, 印花, 图章, 标志）
同义词：tax n.税, 税款, 税金
-- income tax 所得税
gel n.凝胶
mixture n.混合物
mix（v.使混和, 混淆, 混合） -- mix sth With
-- Oil does not mix with water. 油不能和水融合在一起
unscrew v.拧开
nostril n.鼻孔
chalk n.粉笔
baggage n.行李
同义词：luggage（n.行李, 皮箱）
trouble vt.(使)烦恼, 麻烦, 打扰
hide vt.vi.（hid, hidden, hiding）隐藏
eh int.(表示惊奇、疑问等) 啊，嗯
particular（adj.特殊的, 特别的, 独特的）
particularly（adv.异常地,显著地,特别地,格外,尤其）
import n.进口, 进口货(常用复数), 输入
encouraging（adj.鼓励的） encouragingly（adv.鼓励的）
greet vt.问候, 向...致意, 映入眼帘
convince vt.使确信, 使信服
Text 课文
What was the Customs Officer looking for?
Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are
going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare.
the Green Channel = the Custom Office
我们在运用形容词、动词时, 往往需要用副词来强调。
Really（表示“真正的”）
-- a really officious person
particularly（强调“特别, 尤其是”）
absolutely（强调“绝对的”）
completely = entirely = fully = thoroughly（强调“完全的, 彻底的”）
extremely（强调“特别, 特别是”）
fairly adv.相当地, 还算（语气一般）
-- a fairly gook book. 一本还算可以的书。
very（语气程度强烈“非常”）
-- a very good book. 一本非常好的书。
rather 语意程度接近fairly, 注意不冠词的位置。
-- a fairly good book.
-- a rather good book = rather a good book (更常用)
quite right / quit wrong / quite mistaken / quite sure
even really honest people...
a particularly officious young Customs officer...
Even really honest people are often made to feel guilty.
are made to feel guilty
make, have, let及感官性动词see, hear, notice, feel 用于主动语态, 符合宾语不定式的符号to
应省略。但这种结构改成被动式时, 不定式符号to必须还原。
-- We heard someone come up the stairs.
-- Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings,
even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
= Even if/though he has five hundred golden watches that are hidden in his suitcase.
hidden in his suitcase（过去分词短语作定语, 修饰watches）
On the one hand..., on the other hand…。
-- On the one hand we could stay and help you, but on the other hand it might be better if you
went to help him instead.
When I returned form abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer
clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
‘Have you anything to declare?‘ he asked, looking me in the eye.
looking me in the eye 两眼直盯盯的注视着我
= look sb in the face = stare sb in the eyes = look directly at sb
-- Not one of the men dared look him in the eye. 没有人敢正眼看他。
‘No‘, I answered confidently.
‘Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please?‘ ‘Not at all,‘ I answered.
Would you mind unlocking this suitcase, please?
注意：mind后面的动名词形式
The Officer went through the case with great care.
The Officer went through the case with great care.
= The Officer examined the case carefully
with great care 强调相当的仔细
All the thing I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
in a mess 乱作一团
介词in 和名词搭配，表示一种状态
-- in good order 秩序井然 / -- in good health 身体健康
-- in a good mood 心情好 / -- in a good temper 脾气好
I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
Suddenly, I saw the Officer‘s face light up.
light up 喜气洋洋, 容光焕发
-- Marsha’s face lit up when she saw her old friend.
-- His face lighted up at the small triumph.（n.胜利, 成功）
-- Tom really lighted up when he saw the new bicycle.
Light的过去式与过去分词即可以是lit, 也可以是lighted.
-- 但是如果运用过去分词作定语, 表示被点燃的, 要用lighted。
-- a lighted cigar 一支被点燃的雪茄
-- a lighted stick 点燃的火炬
He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
with delight 欣喜若狂地 （with和抽象名词搭配, 表示内心充满了一种感情）
-- with confidence 自信地 / -- with care 细心地
-- with pride 骄傲地 / -- with delight 欣喜若狂地
pounce on 向...猛扑过去, 对...大做文章
-- The policeman pounced on the thief. 警察向小偷猛扑过去。
-- Don‘t pounce on my mistake. 不要对我的错误大做文章。
‘Perfume, eh?‘ he asked sarcastically. ‘You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt
from import duty.‘
should have和过去分词搭配（表示本应该做某事却没有做, 具有谴责性的味道）
-- You should have arrived here five minutes earlier.
-- You should have told me about it.
shouldn‘t have done 本不应该做某事
exempt v.免除 adj.被免除的（be exempt from）
-- Drinks are not exempt from import duty. Perfume is not exempt from import duty either.
‘But it isn‘t perfume,‘ I said. ‘It‘s hair gel.‘ Then I added with a smile, ‘It‘s a strange mixture
I make myself.‘
As I expected, he did not believe me.
As：关系代词（引导非限制性定语从句, 它所指代的内容就是主句的整个句子的含义）
-- As we know, the earth is round. 众所周知, 地球是圆的。
-- As I mentioned 正如我所提及的
-- As I soon learned, he was English himself. 正如我很快得知的,他也是英国人。
关系代词as和which的区别：
as所引导的非限制性定语从句, 可用在主句之前。
which引导的非限制性定语从句, 只能用在主句之后。
‘Try it!‘ I said encouragingly.
Encouragingly 副词形式
The officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils.
He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth.
Greet
1> vt.问候, 向...致意
2> vt.觉察到, 呈现在...眼前, 在...耳边
-- I woke up and was greeted by a bird‘s song. 当我醒来时, 耳边是鸟鸣声。
-- Inside the room a dreadful mess greeted us. 当我进入房间，眼前是一堆乱七八糟的东西。
-- When he went into the kitchen, a smell greeted him.
A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baggage.
Precious adj.宝贵的, 贵重的
Special difficulties 难点
Canada n.加拿大
Canadian adj.加拿大的 n.加拿大人
Expectation n.期待, 预料
France n.法国, 法兰西
French n.法国人, 法语 adj.法国的, 法国人的, 法语的
Germany n.德国
German n.德国人, 德语 adj.德国的, 德国人的, 德语的
Danish n.丹麦语 adj.丹麦的
Denmark n.丹麦（北欧国家,首都哥本哈根）
Copenhagen n.哥本哈根
Tivoli n.提沃利（意大利中部一城市）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.C potential（adj.潜在的, 可能的）
2.C what提问 à 名词回答 idea（n.想法, 念头）
3.A smuggle（n.走私, 偷带 v.走私）
4.D
5.C look him in the eyes/face = look directly at him
6.B would you kindly do sth please? （一种有礼貌的请求）
7.A should = ought to
8.A Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
9.C easy-going（adj.好相处的, 随和的）
tolerable（adj.可容忍的 能忍耐的）
placid（adj.平静的）
negligent（adj.疏忽的, 粗心大意的）
10 A feel ashamed of… 为…感到羞愧
unashamed（adj.不害羞的, 不知耻的）
guiltless（adj.无罪的, 无辜的）
11.D
incomprehensible（= unable to be understood）adj.不能理解的
technical（adj.专业性的, 技术的, 技术上的）
-- The article is full of incomprehensible technical expressions.
Incredible（= unbelievable）adj.难以置信的, 不可思议的
-- What you said is incredible.
Incredulous（adj.怀疑的, 不轻信的）
-- He is an incredulous person.
Skeptical（unwilling to believe）adj.好怀疑的, 怀疑的
12. baggage（n.行李, <军队的>行装）= luggage（n.行李, 皮箱）
casement（n.门式窗）
equipment（n.装备, 设备, 器材, 装置）
Lesson 12 Life on a desert island
New words and expression 生词和短语
desert island 荒岛
desert n.沙漠 vt.背弃,遗弃
dessert n.甜点
unrealistic adj.不真实
paradise n.天堂，乐士
-- A lot of people imagine the USA as their paradise.
Heaven n.天堂, 天国（也指死亡 -- go to heaven）
wretched adj.可怜的，艰苦的
= miserable adj.痛苦的, 悲惨的, 可怜
-- lead a wretched/miserable/terrible/dog’s life. 过着悲惨的生活。
starve v.挨饿（-- starve to death 饿死）
-- During the war, a large of people starved to death.
-- hungry to death 我饿得要死（即：我非常饿）
element n.成分
opportunity n.机会
golden opportunity 绝好的机会
-- Don’t miss any golden opportunities.
-- opportunity knocks only once 千载难逢的机会
chance 表机会时可以与opportunity互换（后面+of doing, 或to do）
-- I had the chance of visiting Paris. = I had the opportunity of visiting Paris.
-- He had no opportunity to see her.
chance表可能性时(= possibility), 则不可opportunity互换。
-- There is a chance that I will see him. 我有可能见到她。
-- The chances are that he will be elected the president. 他有可能当选总统。
-- The chances are that he will pass his examination next week.
coral n.珊瑚
Virgin Islands 维尔京群岛
Miami n.迈阿密（美国最南的城市）
Dinghy n.救生筏，小船
Caribbean n.加勒比海
spear gun 捕鱼枪
lobster n.龙虾
tanker n.油轮
genuinely adv.由衷地
-- He is genuinely thankful to me. 他由衷地地感谢我。
Genuine adj.真实的, 真正的, 诚恳的
Genuineness（n.）
Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨孙.克鲁索（小说《鲁滨孙漂流记》主人公）
Exceptional adj.例外的, 异常的
Ripe adj.熟的, 成熟的
Fruit n.水果, 果实, 果类, 成果
Opposite adj.相对的, 相反的, 对等的 n.相反的事物
Sink vi.沉下, (使)下沉
Prove vt.证明, 证实
Spear n.矛, 枪
Text 课文
What was exceptional about the two men‘s stay on the desert island?
Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island.
form an unrealistic picture of sth 对…抱有不切实际的幻想
-- A large number of people have formed an unrealistic picture of the job.
Form（v.形成, 构成）= develop（vt.逐渐形成）
-- develop a habit = form a habit 养成一种习惯
We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.
imagine sth to be = imagine sth as
-- Some people imagine flying to be more dangerous than traveling by train.
-- A large number people imagine the USA as their paradise.
Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work.
You never have to work = you needn’t work = you don’t need to work
The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a desert island is wretched.
quite the opposite 恰恰相反 / quite different
You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, Waiting for a boat which never
comes.
Either you or I am going to the party. （谓语动词和最接近的主语保持一致）
Either come in or go out, don’t stand on the doorway.（门口, 门道）
Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few us have had the
opportunity to find out.
an element of truth = a bit of truth
Optimistic（adj.乐观的） Pessimistic（adj.悲观的, 消极的）
Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer.
谓语动词wish之后的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气
1>如果表达与现在情况相反, that从句中的动词要用过去时（be 动词要用were）。
-- I wish you could drive a car. = I am sorry you can’t drive a car.
所表达的意思是：你要是能开车就好了。（表达一种遗憾的心情）
2>如果表达与过去情况相反, that从句中的动词要用过去完成时。
-- I wish I hadn‘t spent so much money. = I am sorry I spend so much money.
-- I wish that you had written to him. = I am sorry you didn’t write to him.
3>如果表达与将来事实相反的情况或将来不可能实现的心愿, that从句中要使用would,
could 等情态动词的过去时形式。
-- I wish that I could go abroad tomorrow.
-- I wish that you could come here tomorrow.
4>if only要比wish更富有戏剧性和感情色彩
-- If only the weather would change. = I wish the weather would change.
要是天气转晴该有多好啊！
-- We wish that we knew where to look for him. = If only we knew where to look for him.
要是我们知道到哪去找他该有多好啊！
-- If only we could have gone to the party. 要是我们昨天能参加那个聚会该有多好啊！
-- If only you hadn‘t said that. 你要是不说那句话多好啊！
-- If only you would come here tomorrow. 你明天要是能来该有多好啊！
They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired
During the journey, their boat began to sink.
have it repaired （have sth done）
They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed
for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island.
load…with sth 把某物装载到…上
-- The workers are loading the truck with goods.
Unload（vi.卸货, 退子弹 vt.倾销, 卸）
There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water, but this did not prove to
be a problem.
hardly any = very little/few （hardly adv.刚刚, 几乎不）
-- Hardly anybody likes him because he is so rude. 几乎没人喜欢他, 因为他非常粗鲁。
-- You hardly eat anything, what‘s wrong? 你几乎什么都没吃, 怎么了？
prove to be = turn out to be
The men collected rainwater in the rubber dinghy.
As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat.
They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it ‘ate like kings‘.
Put = express
When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that
they had to leave.
Both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.
= If only we could have stayed on the desert island a little bit longer.
Special difficulties 难点
wish, if only
1> had bought it（显然说明的是过去的情况）
-- silly adj.愚蠢的, 无聊的
2> couldn‘t/wouldn‘t make such noise.
3> were here （强调：他在这儿, 该有多好）
说明与现在情况相反的概念, 无论什么人称, be动词应该使用were.
4> could play the piano as well...
5> had studied hard then.
6> hadn‘t mentioned it to him.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... C 要么是过度乐观, 要么是过度的悲观
unreal adj.不真实的, 虚幻的
present vt.介绍, 赠送, 呈现
wretchedness n.可怜, 悲惨
idleness n.闲散, 懒惰, 赋闲无事
unduly adv.不适当地, 过度地, 不正当地
optimistic adj.乐观的
pessimistic adj.悲观的, 厌世的
2... D essential（adj.必需的, 基本的）= very necessary
equipment n.装备, 设备
3... A fend for oneself 独立的照料某人
4... B think of sb/sth as… 把某人、某事看作为...
5... D few of us 我们当中没有几个人
6... C after(介词)其后要和名词、动名词搭配
-- after(连词)引导时间状语从句, 表示动作在前。（A答案变为they had rowed就对了）
7... B Refrigerators are useful.= A refrigerator is useful.
Scarce adj.缺乏的, 不足的, 稀有的, 不充足的
8... C 为做过的事情后悔：regret + doing be sorry that是否可以表示后悔去做某事？
9... B
inhabited（adj.有人居住的） uninhabited（adj.无人居住的）
unpopular adj.不流行的, 不受欢迎的
barren adj.不生育的, 不孕的, 贫瘠的 n.荒地
10... D 完全不同的 entirely different
naturally adv.自然地, 天然地
11... D
觉得、发现某人或某事怎么样：find sb/sth to be
-- They found the trip to be very exciting.
某人或某事被发现怎么样, 常用被动语态。
-- The car is found to be beautiful.
Demonstrate v.论证,表明,举行,示威
12... A put it = express
Lesson 13 "It‘s only me‘ “是我，别害怕”
New words and expression 生词和短语
Costume n.化装服
-- costume ball 化妆舞会 / costume party
-- fancy (dress) party 化妆舞会
suit（n.西装, 西服） dress（n.裙子）
consist v.由…组成
1> consist of... 由...组成（表示被动概念）
2> be made up of… 由...组成
3> comprise v.包含, 由...组成（整体由部分所构成）
-- Our class consists of 100 students.
= Our class is made up of more than 100 students.
-- The United Kingdom consists of G.B and Northern Ireland.
= The United Kingdom comprises G.B and Northern Ireland.
-- The house consists of six rooms.
4> be composed of… 由...组成（强调有什么成分所组成）
-- Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.（compose v.组成, 写作）
-- oxygen（n.氧，氧气） hydrogen（n.氢）
5> constitute vt.组成, 构成（部分构成整体）
-- G.B and Northern Ireland constitute The United Kingdom.（Ireland n.爱尔兰）
-- The committee consists of 10 members. （committee n.委员会）
= Ten members constitute the committee.
Sheet n.被单
Effective adj.有明显效果的，有作用的
-- The costume is quite effective.
-- His words was effective.
Influential adj.有影响的, 有势力的（有潜移默化影响力的）
-- What our parents do is influential to children.
Efficacious adj.(医药)有效的，灵验的
-- The drug is efficacious
Fruitful adj.有成效的, 产生结果的
-- Their experiment is fruitful.
Comfortable adj.舒适的 （反义词：uncomfortable）
Comfort（n.舒适 v.安慰）
Discomfort（n.不舒适 vt.使不舒适, 使不便）
-- In spite of discomforts he is determined to stay here.
Storeroom n.储藏室
Electricity n.电
Metre n.电表 （ammeter n.电表）
Pace n.一步
Flee v. (fled, fled)逃走
Flee vt.vi.(总称)泛泛强调逃离危险的禁地
Panic（n.惊慌, 恐慌） bull（n.公牛）
-- The people fled in panic when the bull got loose. 当牛挣脱绳子时人们惊慌的四散而逃。
Escape（vi.逃出监狱, 逃出牢笼 vt.逃掉, 逃出）
-- He was able to escape from the house.
-- I am sorry your name escaped me. 很抱歉, 我忘记你的名字了。
-- They tried to escape death.
Slam v.砰地关上（同义词：bang v.发巨响, 重击）
-- slam the door 砰地关上门
-- He left the room slam/bang the door behind him. 他离开了房间在身后砰地把门关上。
Stair n.楼梯, 阶梯
Fancy n.幻想, 爱好, 迷恋, 想象力 adj.奇特的, 异样的
Dine vi.吃饭, 进餐 Dining n.吃饭, 进餐
Baker n.面包师
Hide vt.vi.( hid, hidden, hiding)隐藏
Hall n.走廊, 门厅
Board n.(政府机关或商业)部门
Text 课文
What did the man expect to find under the stairs?
After her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children to school and went
upstairs to her bedroom.
She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going
to a fancy-dress part with her husband.
fancy-dress party = costume party
1> too ... to… 太...而不能… （不定式to在大部分情况下表示否定概念）
2> not/never too ... to… 并不太...所以能够…
-- One is never too old to learn 活到老, 学到老。
-- The question is not too difficult for me to answer. 这个问题并不太难, 所以我能够答得出。
3>如果在副词too前发现修饰语all, but, only, 不定式to的概念也是肯定的。
-- They are all too satisfied to work with you.
-- I am only too glad to have someone to speak to. 我太高兴了, 想找个人说话。
-- He was but too eager to get home.
She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she
was impatient to try it on.
intended to打算做什么 = mean to do意图做什么
dress up as… 化妆成为…
the night before 前一个晚上（以过去的某一个时间为基准点）
last night 昨天晚上（以现在为基准点）
-- She went to New York on business three days ago, the night before she got everything ready.
be impatient to do sth 急于要做某事, 迫不及待做某事
impatient可以换为eager, anxious, hungry, thirsty, desperate, can‘t wait(口语)
desperate（adj.不顾一切的, 拚死的）
-- she was impatient to try it on.（try on 试穿）
Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective.
After putting it on, Mrs. Richards went downstairs.
After putting it on 穿上以后
She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
= It would be comfortable (for her) to wear
动词不定式to wear, 用来修饰说明comfortable, 作它的状语。
-- It is easy for me to read.
-- The book is difficult to read.
-- The dress is easy to wash.
-- Your handwriting is easy to recognize.
主动形式表达被动概念：
1> The music is sweet to hear.
2> The machine needs repairing. （用need, want和动名词形式直接搭配）
3> The dictionary is worth buying.
-- The book is worth reading.
4>The house is under construction.（介词under表达被动的意味）
-- The puma is under control.
-- The problem is under discussion.（n.讨论）
-- The thief is under arrest.（n.逮捕, 拘留）
5> The airport came into use again.（came into 不及物动词短语）
-- Our time has already gone to waste.（go to waste浪费掉, 付诸东流）
6> able 形容词后缀, 跟在动词后表达＂能够被...的＂
-- She is a respectable person.（respectable adj.可敬的, 值得被尊敬的）
-- This is a returnable bottle. 这是一个能被退回的瓶子。（returnable adj.可被退回的）
7> consist of, comprise本身表达被动概念, 结构形式为主动
Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dinning room, there was a knock on the front door.
She knew that it must be the baker.
She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the
bread on the kitchen table.
straight adv.直接地, 径直地
if even（ever 用于条件句。表示任何时候, 任何场合）= when ever
-- If ever you see George give him my best regards.（n.问候）
-- When ever he is in trouble I‘ll be on the spot.
Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom
under the stairs.
Not wanting （分词的否定结构形式, 做原因状语。）
多用于句首, 也可插入句中, 主谓之间。
Not wanting to make her nervous, the doctor didn‘t fully explain the seriousness of condition.
= The doctor, not wanting to make her nervous, didn‘t fully explain the seriousness of her
condition.
She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the
storeroom was opened and a man entered.
Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to
read the metre.
read the metre 查电表
She tried to explain the situation, saying ‘It‘s only me‘, but it was too late.
saying（现在分词做伴随状语）
The man let out cry and jumped back several paces.
let out a cry 大叫了一声（= utter a cry /give a cry）
utter vt.发出, 做声, 发表, 发射
jump back several paces 后退了好几步
When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.
Slamming（现在分词作方式状语或伴随状语, 说明fled的情况）
Special difficulties 难点
形容词+动词不定式：
-- He was delighted to learn that...
-- I was glad to hear that...
-- He was anxious to leave...
1>感情形容词后的不定式通常是表示原因, 在句中做原因状语。
happy, relieved, astonished, amazed, surprised, horrified, disappointed, sad, embarrassed, shocked
relieved（adj.放心的） horrified（adj.惊骇的）
-- He was frightened when he saw the snake. à He was frightened to see the snake.
-- I was sorry when I learnt that he had had a accident.
à I was sorry to learn that he had had a accident.
2>不定式也可以放在表语之后, 主语是不定式的实际宾语。
-- The car is hard to park.
-- Some questions are awkward to answer. Awkward（adj.尴尬的, 不方便的）
3>在少数几个动词后, 不定式可用作结果。
learn, find, see, hear, be told
-- He lived to see his inventions come to success. 他活着看见他的发明成功了。
-- He woke up to find everyone gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。
-- He went to his house only to find him out.
4>在不定式前加only, 表示意想不到的, 出乎意料的结果。
-- He hurried to the post office only to find it was shut(closed)
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.D She wanted to know whether that costume was comfortable to wear.
2.C
take sb in 使某人信以为真, 让某人上当
disguise n.伪装 v.假装, 伪装, 掩饰
3.C
4...C and前后连接时态要呼应, 表示并列关系。
5...B how修饰限定形容词
At that moment, she hadn‘t put on the costume.
6...B anxious形容词短语做原因状语
动词不定式的否定形式是在动词不定式符号之前直接加否定词not, never
7...B 强调过去的一个动作
8...C see sb do sth看见某人做某事（做宾语补足语时, 不定式符号to被省略）
9...A
at the very moment 就在此刻
as long as / so long as 用来引导条件句, 表示只要
-- You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 o‘clock.
Only when... 只有当…（引导时间状语从句）
10...D
miss+动名词：表示错过做什么事情
-- I don‘t want to miss seeing that film on television tonight.
forgot to do sth 表示忘记去做某事
-- Yesterday, I forgot to lock the door.
succeed in doing sth 表示成功做了某事
if…happen to... 表示某事偶然发生
brown n.褐色 adj.褐色的, 棕色的
loaf n.一条面包
brown loaf 黑面包
-- If you happen to pass the baker‘s, pick me up a brown loaf, would you?
-- If you happen to finish the work early give me a ring.
11...A
reading 表示仪表或者仪器上的指数、读数
-- What are the temperature readings for the week?
-- take a metre-reading 读电表上的数字
measurement 测量尺寸、大小调节稳定
-- What‘s your waist measurement? 你的腰围是多少？
Regulation n.调节（regulation of body heat体温调节）
Heat n.热, 热度
12...B
let out 发出（= give）
shout vt.高呼, 高喊（有喊叫的 对象）
-- shout to sb 对某人高声喊
-- shout at sb 对某人大喊大叫
-- Don‘t shout at the elders.
Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒
New words and expression 生词和短语
Gangster n.歹徒, 强盗
-- a band of gangsters 一伙强盗
robber n.抢劫犯, 抢劫者
bandit n.强盗, 土匪
brigand n.强盗, 土匪, 盗贼, 草寇（书面用语）
hooligan n.流氓, 不良分子
hoodlum n.罪犯, 恶汉（口语）
rascal n.淘气, 捣蛋鬼（口语）
hand n.帮, 团伙
-- a band of robbers 一伙强盗
mob n. 一群（表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派）
-- a mob of hooligans 一伙流氓
gang n.一伙 （-- a gang of thieves）
nest n.窝 （-- a nest of bandits）
pack n.团伙、帮派（-- a pack of hoodlums）
Chicago n.芝加哥(美国城市)
Protection n.保护 （-- protection money 保护费）
protect vt.保护（protect…from…）
-- We must protect our eyes from the sunshine.
Protector（n.保护者） Protective（adj.保护的）
Protege n.被保护者
Promptly adv.准时地
-- I give him a ring and he call me back promptly.
-- He was so sleepy that he went to sleep promptly.
on time 准时／in time 及时
punctual（adj.严守时刻的, 准时的） punctually adv.守时地
destroy v.毁掉;消灭
destroy n.强调毁灭, 消灭, 完全的摧毁
-- The earthquake destroyed the city. / You destroyed his dream.
Damage n.v.强调受损程度不很严重, 可以被修复
-- The big clock was damaged.
Break v.n.强调弄坏, 弄断
-- Two of the strings were broken.
spoil v.强调把事情搅和了
-- spoil the party / spoil the holiday
remarkable adj.不寻常的（同意词：unusual, uncommon, extraordinary）
-- a remarkable event , an extraordinary event 不同寻常的事件
outstanding（adj.突出的，杰出的，卓越的）
-- Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.（n.年轻人, 青少年）
Distinguished（adj. 杰出的, 卓越的, 不同非凡的）
Eminent（adj. 显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的, 优良的）
Distinguished和eminent是同义词（都是用来修饰严肃领域的人）
-- a distinguished physicist（n.物理学家）, an eminent surgeon（n.外科医生）
-- an eminent judge（n.法官）, a distinguished lawyer（n.律师）
well-known adj.众所周知的（ 强调众所周知的）
-- She is well-known in the musical world. / This is well-known fact.
famous adj.著名的（因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的）
-- He is a famous movie star. / Luxun is famous for his articles.
Notorious adj. 臭明昭著的, 臭名远扬的（= be famous for bad things）
-- Hitler is notorious.（Hitler n.希特勒）
infamous adj.身名狼藉的（= Notorious）
renowned adj.某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名
-- Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful scenery.（n.风景, 景色）
Florence n.佛罗伦萨(意大利城市)
city-state n.(古代)城邦
hire v.租出, 雇给
hire out 出租
-- Does this firm hire out cars?
Rent v.租, 租借, 出租 n.租金
rent out 租给, 雇给（主要强调出租房屋）
-- He rent out his house to a tourist.
Let 出租（let his house出租房屋）
-- Please let your house to me. 请把房屋租给我吧？
hire from, rent from 租进来
-- He hired a car from us. / I rent a room from Mrs. Johnson.
hire指短期雇佣体力劳动者
-- He hired two helpers
employ指长期雇佣或聘用脑力劳动者
-- We employed her as our advisor.（n.顾问）
-- The factory employed 500 workers.
Prince n.君主, 诸候 n.王子
Florentine n.佛罗伦萨人
Funeral n.葬礼
Dedicate v.奉献, 题献给（dedicate to）
dedicate sth to sb
-- He dedicated his first book to his mother
dedicate 献身, 奉献（比devote更为正式而庄重）
dedicate…to sth
-- I devote my time to helping my students.
-- He dedicates his life to his motherland.
-- He dedicated his life to science.
Memory n.纪念
Memory n.记忆, 记忆力, 存储器, 内存
-- You have a good memory.
-- If my memory serves me well, you‘re Tom. 如果我没有记错的话。
in memory of… = to the memory of… 为了纪念…
-- in memory of him = to the memory of him 为了纪念他
in sb’s honor = in honor of sb 为纪念某人, 为庆祝某人
-- we held a party in his honor. = we held a party in honor of him.
Valiant adj.英勇的（强调非常勇敢）
-- During war, soldiers are valiant.
Brave adj.勇敢的
-- The boy is brave.
Fearless adj.大无畏的, 无所畏惧的
-- We are fearless in time of danger.
courageous adj.有胆量的, 有勇气的
noble adj.高尚的, 贵族的, 高贵的 n.贵族
obtain vt.获得, 得到
crime n.犯罪, 犯罪行为, 罪行
settle vt.安放, 使定居 vi.安家, 定居
demand v.要求, 需要 n.要求, 需求(量), 需要
march vi.进军, 前进
Italian n.意大利人, 意大利语 adj.意大利的, 意大利语的, 意大利文化的
Offer vt., vi.提供, 提出
Notable adj. 著名的, 显著的,值得注意的
Signor n.阁下, 君
Text 课文
How did Haywood make in times of peace?
There was a tine when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago that to pay large sums
of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection.‘
pay large sums of money to sb 向某人付大笔大笔的费用
in return for… 目的是为了换取…, 作为对…的回报
-- He gave me some books in return for my help.
when 引导状语从句修饰time
-- There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion.（Mini n.迷你型, 袖珍型）
If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business
by destroying his shop.
Promptly = immediately
put a man out of business 使某人失业
put sb/sth out of... 使某人失去…
-- You are putting me out of patience. 你使我失去耐心了。
-- You have already put everything out of order.
-- Put it out of your mind. 忘记这件事情吧。
by destroying his shop 通过…手段
-- You are putting me out of patience by disturbing me.
Obtaining ‘protection money‘ is not a modern crime.
Obtaining = getting
As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the
remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life
work destroyed by gangsters.
as long ago as 追溯回到（= dating back to = date from）
-- I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980.
make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现
would rather do... than do... 宁愿…而不…
-- He would rather die than surrender.（vi.投降, 自首）
-- I would rather play tennis than swim.
would prefer to do ... than do...
would prefer doing ... to doing...
-- He would prefer to die than surrender.
-- He would prefer dying to surrendering.
would rather(sooner) + that 宾语从句（过去式）-- 虚拟语气
-- I would rather that you were not here. 我宁愿你不在这。（暗含：实际你在这）
-- I would rather that I didn‘t see you.
-- He would rather that he didn‘t hear the news.
life work 毕生的事业 / have sth done
Six hundred years ago, Sir Johan Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and
settled near Florence.
settled near Florence 定居在 Florence 附近
He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.
made a name for himself = become famous
-- They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop singers.
come to = get to 渐渐的
come to be known 渐渐被人所熟知
-- I come to be known to my students.
-- I got to know him.
Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his
soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
Whenever 无论什么时候
at war 交战 / at war with… 于…交战
hire 表示出租
who指代prince
he demanded = Hawkwood demanded
In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a
city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money
was paid to them.
in time of peace 在和平期间
march into 大踏步行军
burn down 烧毁 / burn up烧光 / burn out 烧空
-- The house was burned out only walls left. 房子被了只剩下墙壁。
would offer to go away = would promise to go away
Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded
him as a sort of hero.
in spite of this 尽管如此
People in different countries have different opinions.
The Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.
When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a
pictured which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable
leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue.‘
give sb a state funeral 给某人举行国葬
have sth done
Signor n.先生（意大利语）
which 指代picture
be dedicated to the memory of sb
the most valiant 比较级的最高级形式
Special difficulties 难点
would rather / would sooner
would rather do… than do…
would rather that… (that宾语从句中要出现动词的过去时)
1...go
2...left（rather省略了that）
3...did not speak
4...not speak（would rather do…的否定形式结构：would rather not do… 宁愿不做...）
5...settled
6...didn‘t tell
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... B
premise n.房产, 房屋(及其附属建筑, 地基等)
unharmed adj.未受伤害的, 太太平平的
destruction n.破坏, 毁灭
criminal n.罪犯, 犯罪者 adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的
2... B 他获取自己的名字是依据自己的所作所为
practice n.实行, 实践
sharp adj.苛刻的
recognition n.承认, 认可
3... A in that = because "因为",表示一种原因
boldness n.大胆, 冒失, 勇敢
bravery n.勇敢, 大胆, 无畏
can not help 不得不, 情不自禁
4... A 段时间：for a long time（现在完成式）
5... C prefer doing… to doing…
6... B hire sth from sb 从某人租得某物
7... A if not (如果不) = unless
Provided… 条件是...
8... C 介词on和名词death相搭配（表示：去世的状态）
介词on和动名词搭配（表示：一...就...）
-- On seeing him, I ran away.
9... B passed（动词的过去分词）
depart vi.离去, 离开, 出发
-- When does the next train depart? 下一次列车什么时候开？
10... D
prepared adj.心甘情愿的, 准备好的（= willing）
-- be willing to do = be prepared to do
agreeable adj.使人愉快的, 惬意的, 适合的, 宜人的
desirable adj.值得要的, 合意的, 令人想要的（= attractive adj.吸引人的）
Lesson 15 Fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦
New words and expression 生词和短语
Appreciate v.欣赏，感激
-- The poem is too difficult for me to appreciate.
-- I appreciate your help. = be thankful/grateful to sb.
-- thankful = grateful（adj.感激的, 感谢的）
pocket money 零用钱
-- beer money 留给丈夫的零花钱
-- mad money 女子留作应急之用的私房钱
-- green money 美金（美圆是绿色的）
-- soft/folding money 纸币, 钞票（folding adj.可折叠的）
-- hard money 硬币（hard adj.硬的, 坚固的）
thrifty adj.节约的
economical adj.节约的, 经济的
frugal adj.节俭的, 朴素的
nephew n.侄子，外甥
bounce v.弹起，跳起
-- The coin was bounced.
同义词：jump(v.跳跃), leap(v.跃), hop(单足跳),
spring(v.弹跳 n.弹簧), skip(v.跳跃, 略过)
pavement n.人行道
stick (stuck, stuck) v.卡住，夹住，不能再动
-- His arm was stuck. 他的胳膊被卡住了。
Stick v.坚持, 粘贴
-- You must stick to your idea. 你必需要坚持你的看法。
-- Stick the stamp on the envelop.
stick with… 忠实于...（= be faithful to对...忠实）-- faithful adj.守信的, 忠实的
Brigade n.旅,（消防）队
fire brigade（消防队）= fire department = fire station
grease n.润滑油
uncle n.伯父, 叔父, 姨丈
aunt n.姑妈, 伯母, 舅妈, 阿姨
extra adj.额外的
price n.代价, 价格, 价钱
drain n.排水沟
roll vt,vi卷；滚动,转动,打滚
sleeve n.袖子, 衣袖
rub v.擦, 摩擦
free vt. 使自由, 释放
upset adj.心烦意乱的,不适的,不舒服的 vt,vi打翻,弄翻,推翻；使烦乱
reward vt.酬谢,酬劳,报答 n.报酬, 奖金
Text 课文
Did George get anything for his fifty pence? What?
Children always appreciate small gifts of money.
= Children always appreciate pocket money as small gifts.孩子们总是喜欢得到些零花钱
-- Husbands always appreciate small gifts of beer money.
Mum or dad, of course, provide a regular supply of pocket money, but uncles and aunts
are always a source of extra income.
provide a regular supply of... 定期地提供…
provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物
-- The villagers provided a regular supply of food for the soldiers.
= The villagers provided the soldiers with a regular supply of food
small gifts of money, pocket money, extra income 都表示零花钱。
作者在两段话里三处用了零花钱, 是为了让读者能够抓住主题。
写作时要避免使用相同的词汇。
With some children, small sums go a long way.
此句暗含：with other children, small sums can’t go a long way.
go a long way 维持很久
-- The money we have will go a long way.
go a long way towards 对...大有帮助
-- This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty.（overcome vt.战胜, 克服）
介词with和for的区别：
For(介词)：关于, 对于...来说, 考虑到...的事实
-- The weather is quite warm for November.
-- For him, this will be an entirely new hobby.
With(介词)：在某一方面 (多用于二者的比较)
-- With some people, pleasure is more important than work.
-- Some people may accept that excuse, but it won‘t work with me.
If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money boxes.
Pence 便士（penny, pennies都是pence的复数：）
a fifty pence 一个五十便士的硬币
fifty pennies 五十一便士的硬币
exchange for 换取, 以...来交换
-- The little boy exchanged his pen for candy.（candy n.糖果, 冰糖）
rattle vt.(拟声词) 叮当作响 = tinkle（vi, vt (使)发玎玲声, (使)发出玎当声）
roar 呼啸（重点突出老虎、狮子等大动物的吼叫声）
-- The car roar by me. / Listen, a lion is roaring.
shout at 大喊大叫 = bark at
grunt vi.(猪等)作呼噜声vt.咕哝着说出
-- He is grunting.（adj.咕咙的, 哼哼唧唧的）
slam v.砰地关上, 砰地放下
Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money box.
fill up 装满
1>up：表示方向
up to（表示到达目的地） -- She ran up to him. 她跑到他面前。
Towards（表示朝某个方向） -- She ran towards him. 她向他跑去。
2> 表示沿着, 走向更远的地方（侧重强调距离更远了）
-- They walked up the street. 他们沿着街道走远了。
-- They children run up the garden path to greet their father.
3> 系动词+up（表示消费、摧毁、彻底、光、用完）
-- Drink up your whisky. / Eat up your vegetable.
-- Finish it up. 完成它 / burn up烧光 / use up用光
4> 表示积存, 从少到多, 积小成多
-- We must lay up some boiled food for the winter.
Lay up贮存 = store up储藏, hold up, gather up收集起
5> 表示从河的下游到上游, 河流入口处以上到源头的某一点
-- They are sailing up the Thames. 他们正沿着泰晤士河而上。
-- The house is up the river. 这个房子在河的上游。
6> 动词+up（表示包起来、封住、盖住）
-- button up扣上纽扣（-- button your coat up 把外衣的纽扣扣上）
-- wrap up 包裹起来（wrap up the shoes with newspaper 用报纸把鞋子包起来）
-- lock up 锁起来（lock the house up 用锁把房子锁起来）
-- fasten up 拴紧, 钉牢, 锁牢 / save up 储蓄, 贮存
-- wash up 洗涤餐具, 洗手洗脸, 把…冲上岸 / do up 重新整修, 包好
For most of them, fifty pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
fifty pence is small price to pay = fifty pence is not much to pay
a small price = not much money 并不是很多
-- For him two thousand dollars is small price to pay for it.
-- For me five hundred Yuan is not a small price to pay for a bicycle.
My nephew, George, has a money box but it is always empty.
Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way
there.
pound coin n.1英镑硬币
find their way there = reach 抵达, 到达, 找到自己的去处
find one’s way into/to…
-- Rivers find their way to the sea.
-- How did such a foolish statement find its way into print? 这样愚蠢的话怎么会被印出来了？
-- All my books have already found their way there.
I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it.
advise sb to do sth 说服某人做某事（结果是失败的）
persuade sb to do sth 说服某人做某事（结果是成功的）
Instead he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
instead（adv.代替）相反的是…
fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦
On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his fifty pence and it bounced along the pavement
and then disappeared down a drain.
George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed is right arm through the drain
cover.
系列的动词构成平行结构：take off, rolled up, push
roll vi.滚动 vt.滚动
-- The pencil rolled(vi.) under the table.
-- He rolled(vt.) the ball towards the puppy.（puppy n.(常指未满一岁的)小狗, 小动物）
roll up 卷起, 挽起
-- We will need to roll up the carpet.
He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could no get his arm
out.
what 引导的插入语
What is more important. 更重要的是 / What is worse. 更糟糕的是
What is more. 更有甚者 / What is rare. 更罕见的是
-- He went to the meeting, and what is worse, insisted on speaking.
-- He is an interesting speaker, and what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly.
他是一个有风趣的演说者，更重要的是他对他的话题了如指掌
A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but
George was firmly stuck.
gather round… 聚在…周围
rubbed his arm with… 用...涂抹在胳膊上
firmly adv.稳固的, 坚定的（加强语气）
The fire brigade was called and two fire fighter freed George using a special type of grease.
Using… 现在分词做状语（强调一种方式）
fire fighter n.救火队员
George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard
about his troubles and rewarded him with large box of chocolates.
Rewarded sb with… 用...来奖赏某人
Special difficulties 难点
1.save / 2.sail（steamboat n.汽船, 轮船）
3.buttoned / 4.Eat / 5.went / 6.wrapped
7.wind （v.上发条, 绕, 缠）
8.do （shoelace n.鞋带）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.C
2.D
3.A have sth done / get sth out of
4.B plenty仅用于肯定句中, much用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句。
5.B
advise sb to do sth
advise sb that...
-- that引导的宾语从句必须要出现should+动词原形（虚拟语气）
-- I advise my students that they should read English for more than an hour.
6.D doing sth…when
如果句中的when表达的概念是：就在这时、恰恰这时、正当此时, 那么其的主句结构往往
采用进行时态
7.A neither/nor：也不（用于句首句子必须倒装）
8.C put sth.+ prep.（-- put the book in the bookcase / put the book on the desk）
9.A durable（adj.耐用的, 持久的）
-- durable clothing 耐穿的衣服 / durable goods 耐用品
10.C
tour n.旅行, 旅游 v.旅行
in turn 轮流地 （-- I think we should clean our classroom in return.）
cycle n.周期, 循环, 自行车
circle n.圆圈, 环状物
-- draw a circle 画一个圆圈 / the cycle of the seasons 四季的循环
11.B strictly adv.严格地, 确实地
well and truly = completely
-- Tom was well and truly drunk. 汤姆烂醉如泥。
-- drunk adj.喝醉了的（drink 的过去分词）
by no means (无论如何)决不
= in no way（adv.决不）= on no account（adv.决不）= in no sense（adv.决不）
12.B move vt.移动, 感动
embarrass vt.使窘迫；使为难
-- They look at each other embarrassed.
Distress v.使悲痛, 使穷困, 使忧伤
-- Please don‘t distress yourself.
-- He was most distressed to hear the sad news.
Lesson 16 Mary had a little lamb 玛丽有一头羔羊
New words and expression 生词和短语
Prize adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的
-- Mary has got a prize lamb. / The cat is prize to the old lady.
= Valuable（adj.有价值的, 贵重的）
= Precious（adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的）
= Cherishable adj.珍贵的（cherish vt.抚育, 爱护, 珍爱）
= Dear（adj.昂贵的, 亲爱的）
Tie v.拴, 系
tie sth to…
-- I tied the dog to a tree.（拴在某处）
-- He is tied to his family.（于…有联系）
Tie n.领带, 关系（强调血缘关系）
-- ties of blood 血缘关系 / the ties of friendship 朋友关系
theft n.偷盗行为，偷盗案
-- He reports the theft to the police.
Accuse v.指控
accuse sb of doing sth
-- He accused his neighbor of stealing his bicycle.
accuse 比charge语义弱：accuse强调＂严厉的指责＂，charge强调＂控告＂
charge sb with doing sth
deny v.否认
deny doing sth
-- He denied stealing the lamb. / He denied the truth.
deny sb nothing 百依百顺（deny v.拒绝）
-- He denies his wife nothing. 他对他的妻子有求必应。
deny oneself 克制自己
-- On some occasions we must deny ourselves. 在某些场合我们必须克制自己
Ashamed adj.感到羞耻，惭愧
be ashamed of… 为...感到羞耻
-- He is ashamed of being a dustman.
Shameful adj.可耻的（-- The theft is shameful.）
Shameless adj.无耻的（-- The thief is a shameless person.）
Apologize v.道歉 （apology n.道歉）
apologize to sb (for sth) (因为某事)向某人道歉
dye v.染（-- Dye the cloth black 把这布染成黑色。）
Southern adj.南方的, 南部的
Greece n.希腊（腊欧洲东南部国家）
Rope n.绳, 索, 绳索
Steal（stole, stolen, stealing）
Acquire vt.获得, 学到
Backyard n.后院, 后庭
Rashly adv.轻率地（rash adj.轻率的, 匆忙的）
Wool n.羊毛, 毛织品, 毛线
Neighbour n.邻居(美作：neighbor)
Neighbourhood n.邻居关系(美作：neighborhood)
Text 课文
Was Dimitri right to apologize to his neighbour? Why not?
Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece.
in the tiny village of...
-- in the big city of Beijing. / in the beautiful city of Paris.
in southern Greece = in the south of Greece
One of Mary‘s prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her.
Possession n.所有物
-- What I possess is valuable.= My possessions are valuable.
Belonging n.随身携带物, 附属品, 附件
She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening.
Keep+宾语+宾补 使…处于某种状态
keep后的宾语补足语可以是形容词、介词短语、分词。
--keep和过去分词搭配, 过去分词和宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
--keep和现在分词搭配, 宾语和现在分词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
-- I keep my windows closed in winter. / I keep the dog locked in the kitchen.
-- I kept the boy standing outside.
One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that
the lamb had been stolen.
It is obvious that... 显而易见…
When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him what had happened. Dimitri at once
set out to find the thief.
set out to do sth 开始着手做某事 （set about doing…）
He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village.
After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour,
Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb.
tell sb about sth 告诉某人关于某事
-- He told the police about the theft.
Dimitri immediately went to Aleko‘s house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb.
He told him he had better return it or he would call the police.
He can‘t be ill or he wouldn‘t have come. 他不可能生病了要不他就不会来了。
or else… 否则…
-- Your room is so dirty. Clear it promptly, or else....。
Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his backyard.
Lead vt.vi.（led, led, leading）引导；指引
-- He led us to his home. 他把我们带到他家。
It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.
It is true that…but... 诚然…但是…
-- It is true that the work is hard, but we‘ll finish it ahead.（adj.adv.提前,向前,在前面）
Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
Ashamed前省略了be动词。
Ashamed of…是现在分词结构(形容词结构)做原因状语（放主句前后均可）
-- Angry at everybody here, he left suddenly.
-- Anxious for a quick decision, he called his friends.
-- Nervous, the man opened the letter.
While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko‘s house until the rain
stopped. When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find the little
blacklamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean
by the rain!
Special difficulties 难点
had better do / had better not do
1.We had better have lunch. （Advisable adj.适当的；明智的；可取的）
2.She had better renew her passport （Renew vt.更换, 更新）
3.You‘d better not ask so many questions.
4.We‘d better not stay any longer.
5.The children had better get an early night. （Consult v.商量, 商议, 请教）
6.I had better consult my solicitor.（Solicitor n.律师, 法律顾问）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. C untie vt.解开 vi.松开, 解开
2. B community （n.社区, 公社, 团体, 社会）= village
3. B truthful（adj.诚实的, 说实话的） admit（v.容许, 承认）
4. D
5. D正确
present（adj.现在的, 出席的） 反义词：absent（adj.不在的, 缺席的）
present （vt.赠送, 给）
-- When Mr. Brown left firm, the director presented a gold watch to him.
-- The gold watch was present from the director.
a present from somebody 某人所送的礼物
6. C
7. D so small a size
8. B
9. A
valued adj.尊贵的, 尊重的, 宝贵的
-- valued advice宝贵的忠告 / valued friend尊贵的朋友
worthwhile adj.值得做的（-- working hard is worthwhile 努力学习是值得做的）
worthy adj.值得的, 配得上的（be worthy of）
-- The chain is worthy of the watch.（chain n.链子）
-- His deeds are worthy of our praise. 他的确行为陪得上我们的表扬
10. B
tell somebody about something
report something to somebody
11 C正确 chat v.聊天 n.聊天
argument n.争论, 辩论
12 A正确
out of doors = outdoors = outside（n.adj.adv.prep.）
-- outdoors n.户外 adv.在户外, 在野外
adj.在户外 = outdoor（adj.室外的, 户外的）
-- outdoors 的反义词：indoors（adv.在户内）
in the open air 在户外, 露天
inside out 里外反穿
-- He put his socks on inside out. 他把袜子穿反了。
Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world
世界上最长的吊桥
New words and expression 生词和短语
Suspension n.悬，吊
suspension bridge 吊桥
suspend vt.吊, 悬挂
-- The light is suspended from the ceiling.
suspend vt.暂停, 暂缓
-- The train was suspended because of the heavy rain.
Suspense n.担心、挂念、悬念（in suspense）
-- The wonderful film gave me a good expression because of its suspense. (悬念)
-- He didn’t tell me the truth. It kept me in suspense all day.
suspender n.吊袜带,（裤子或裙子的）背带
agreeable adj.宜人的（-- Today is agreeable.）
agreeable situation宜人的地方
-- His house is in a agreeable situation.
situation n.地点，地方（= location = position）
situate vt.使位于, 使处于
locate v.位于
-- Beijing is located in the North of China.
-- Japan is located to the east of China.
immortal adj.永生的，流芳百世的
Brooklyn n.布鲁克林（纽约一区名）
Staten n.斯塔顿（岛）
Span n.跨度
Cable n.缆索
Concrete n.混凝土
Suspend v.悬挂
Length n.根，段
Estimate v.估计
-- Underestimate 低估 / Overestimate 高估
-- At a rough estimate, the car is worth 500 thousand RMB. 粗略的估计以下…
Estimation n.判断（= judgement = judgment n.审判, 判决）
-- in my estimation = in my view = in my opinion 在我看来
capacity n.承受量（容量, 生产量, 接受力）
-- Are you clear about the capacity of the cinema?
Capacity n.做某事的能力
have a capacity for doing something / have a capacity to do ability
-- we have a capacity to study English well.
Ability n.能力, 才干（已经做到了）
-- We have ability to finish the work in two days. = we manage to finish…
Capability n.潜在的能力
have capability to do / have capability of doing
-- Every child has capability to study a foreign language.
Faculty n.先天的智能或能力
Competence n.胜任工作的能力、资格
-- I have competence for this job.
immensity n.巨大
elegant adj.优美别致的
Elegant 还表示人的举止很得体、大方
-- The lady is elegant. / elegant behavior
Graceful adj.优美的（强调一个人的体型优美）
Delicate adj.精巧的, 精致的
faintly adv.微细地
within prep.在...之内, 不越出n.内部, 里头
adj.里面的, 内部的adv.在内部, 在内心里
midst n.中间 prep.在...中间
flow vi.流动n.流动
shape n.外形, 形状, 形态
account n.计算, 说明, 帐目
designer n. 设计家, 制图师, 阴谋家
tower n.塔, 城堡
underwater adj.在水下的,在水中的 adv.在水下 n.(海洋等)水面下的水
platform n.平台, (车站)月台,讲台, 讲坛
depth n.深, 深度
surface n.表面, 外表, 水面 adj.面的, 肤浅的
wire n.金属丝, 电线
pack vt.塞满, 挤进, 挤满
strength n.强度, 力量
fulfill vt.履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)
fulfil vt.完成, 达到
draw vt.vi.（drew, drawn, drawing）拉, 曳, 牵, 画, 绘制
create vt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成
Text 课文
How is the bridge supported?
Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and
named it Angouleme.
sailed into... 是句子的主干
about whom（whom指代Italian）
He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of
which flowed a great river.‘
describe something as… 把某物描述成…
-- I should describe the attempt as a failure. 我把这次尝试描述成失败。
后面可以加as的动词：see, view, look upon, recognize, regard, treat, accept
-- His mother regards him as genius. （genius n.天才, 天赋）
-- I accepted his words as truth. 我对他的话信以为真。
Located过去分词做定语修饰situation
-- I like the village located within two small hills.
= I like the village which is located within two small hills.
in the midst of which...
-- A great river flowed in the middle of the two hills.
In the midst of = in the middle of
In the middle of不仅可以表示方位上的中间, 还可以表示时间上的中间。
-- in the middle of the river / in the middle of the night / in the middle of the winter
介词短语在which前, which引导的从句要倒装。
-- We arrived at a farmhouse in front of which was a mountain.
Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably
remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world
was named after him.
Though / although / even though 引导让步状语从句
用了though, although 不能使用but
但可以用yet来强调转折关系
-- Though they manage to take photographs, yet they got into trouble soon.
by no means（= not by any means = not at all）
-- It is by no means pleasant to take a crowded bus.
乘坐一辆拥挤的公共汽车绝对不是一件让人高兴的事。
-- He isn‘t satisfied with a job at all. = He isn‘t satisfied with a job by any means.
in no way, in no case, in no sense, in no circumstances（circumstance n.环境,详情,境况）
on no account, at no time 都表示’决不’
be named after…, be named for…, take one‘s name from… 都表示用…来命名
The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten
Island. It has a span of 4,260 feet.
a span of 跨度、桥长
The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.
take into account = take into consideration = take account of 考虑到
-- We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting.
Two great towers support four huge cables.
Support = hold up 举起, 支撑
The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete.
The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.
Extend（延伸, 伸展）= reach, stretch
-- a railway extends to the next city.
These alone took sixteen months to build.
= It took the workers sixteen months to build the platforms.
Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
extend to a depth of… 伸展的深度
extend to a length of… 伸展的长度
extend to a width of… 伸展的宽度 （width n.宽度, 宽广 ）
rise to a height of… 伸展的高度
They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.
which指代先行词cables
Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire.
It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying
a third of its total capacity.
It has been estimated that...（It is said that… It is reported that…）
It has been estimated, It has been expected
were 虚拟语气（桥上不可能摆满汽车）
carry v.承载
a third of… …的1/3
However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge.
Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer‘s dream to create
‘an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible‘.
Immensity指代size
Despite = in spite of
Fulfill vt.履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)
Fulfilling 分词做状语表示结果
-- The bus was held up by the snowstorm, causing the delay.（hold up 阻挡, 拦截）
-- Her husband died in 1970, leaving her with her children.
-- At last he passed his examination, fulfilling his dream to go abroad.
Special difficulties 难点
I find him to be quite unsuitable for the job.（unsuitable adj.不适合的, 不相称的）
= I find that he is quite unsuitable for the job.
类似这种用法的词有： （presume vt.假定, 假设, 认为）
believe, consider, declare, feel, know, suppose, think, presume, estimate, understand
-- I consider that he is the best candidate.（candidate n.候选人, 投考者）
-- I consider him to be the best candidate.
-- We estimated that this picture is worth at least 500 pounds.
-- We estimated this picture to be worth at least 500 pounds.
Property n.财产, 所有物
Treaty n.条约, 谈判
Invalid adj.无效的 n.病人, 残废者 adj.有病的, 残废的
Integrity n.正直, 诚实
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. D considerable adj.值得考虑的, 相当可观的
the longest suspension bridge was named after Verrazano.
2. A stretch n.一段路程, 一段时间
a wide stretch of water 连续不断的水域
3. A
The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.
account for 考虑, 说明, 解决
take account of / take into account 考虑
curvature n.弯曲度
vehicle n.交通工具, 车辆
4. A describe sth As
situated 动词过去分词接受 agreeably的限定
5. A 陈述客观事实
6. B
thus adv.因而, 从而, 这样, 如此
-- He sold his farm and thus he had enough money for his journey.
他卖掉了农场, 这样他就有足够的钱旅行了。
-- There has been no rain - thus, the crops are drying.
天没下雨, 因此庄稼要枯死了。
7. D
immense 描述性形容词用于物质名词的前面
sink vi.vt.（sank, sunk, sinking）下沉, 使沉没
ferro-concrete n.[建]钢筋混凝土, 钢骨水泥
8. D load n.负荷, 装载量, 负载
the load = the total capacity
can不能与be able to 搭配连用
can+动词原形（表示一般的能力）
9. A
either 表示两者中的每一方的
-- He sat in the car with a policeman on either side of him.
-- on either side of the street
either adj.修饰名词的单数形式
both adj.修饰名词的复数形式
every adj.用于三者或三者以上（意思上等于all）
-- in every direction = in all directions
side by side 肩并肩的, 并排
-- The two bottles stood side by side on the table.
-- walk side by side 肩并肩的走
10. C
link…with / join… to
attach… to 把…牢牢的系上 （attach v.系上, 贴上）
-- She attached a check to the order form. 她在定单上附了一张支票。
Relate…to/with 表示在…之间建立联系
-- I can‘t relate what you say happened with what I saw.
我不能把你所说的发生的事件和我所看到的联系起来。
Unify vt.统一, 使成一体
11. C
suspension bridge 吊桥
suspended adj.暂停的, 缓期的, 延期的
-- The judge gave him a suspended sentence. 法官判了他缓刑。
-- judge n.法官, 审判员
Suspense n.担心, 不安, 悬念
-- The competitors in the beauty contest were kept in suspense waiting for the result.
-- competitor（n.竞争者） contest（n.论争, 竞赛）
Suspender n.吊索, 吊袜带
12. D
take vt.容纳, 装载
-- The tank will take about twelve gallons.（n.加仑）
Sustain vt.支撑, 承受住
-- I don‘t think this floor will sustain the weight of the grand piano.
Endure vt.经受, 承受(痛苦、苦难)
Receive vt.收到
作者：flymoodsy 回复日期：2004-8-17 14:10:21
read!
Lesson 18 Electric currents in modern art 现代艺术的电流
New words and expression 生词和短语
Current n.电流（趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流）
-- the flow of electricity 电流
-- a continuous movement of water 水流
current adj.目前的, 现在的（-- current affairs 时事）
currently adv.普遍地, 通常地, 现在, 当前
currency n.流通, 货币
sculpture n.雕塑
sculptural adj. 雕塑的, 雕刻般的
sculptor n.雕刻家
sculpt v.雕刻, 造型
mistaken adj.错误的（= incorrect, wrong, misunderstood）
-- The teacher has mistaken opinion of his pupil.
Her doesn‘t use simple plain language and he is often mistaken.
Mistake n.错误, 过失
-- make a mistake 犯错
-- by mistake 弄错了
-- He took my umbrella by mistake. 他错拿了我的伞。
-- and no mistake 确实如此
-- He is honest and no mistake. 他这个人确实很诚实。
Mistake vt.把...误认为, 弄错, 误解
-- mistake sb for 把某人误认为
-- Yesterday I mistook him for my classmate.
Gallery n.美术馆
Exhibit n.展品, 陈列品（= something that show in public）
Exhibition n.展览会
-- We went to an exhibition to visit exhibits.
Oddly adv.古怪的（= strangely）
odd adj.古怪的（因为少见而奇怪）
strange adj.陌生的, 奇怪的（因为陌生而奇怪）
queer adj.奇特的（因为不同于其它的而奇怪）
-- Look, he is wearing a queer hat.
Fantastic adj.奇妙的
Eccentric adj.怪癖的（-- He is an eccentric person.）
Attach v.连，系
attach vt.系、拴、粘上、贴上（-- attach…to…）
-- He attached the lamb to a tree.
Attach…to sb for sth 因为某事而把…加再某人身上
-- We didn‘t attach blame to him for his failure. 我们没有因为他的失败而责备他。
attach importance to sth 对某事非常重视
-- We attach importance to education.
be attached to sth 喜欢, 喜爱
-- I‘m very attached to her.
attachment n.附属物, 固定物, 爱慕, 友情
sphere n.球体
magnetize v.使磁化, 吸引
-- The iron was magnetized.
-- His speech magnetized the listeners.
Repel v.排斥, 使厌恶（= to drive back, cause feelings of dislike）
-- The different sexes attract each other and the same sexes repel on the contrary.
同性向吸, 异性相斥。
-- Let me go at once, you repel me. 让我走, 你真让我恶心。
Flicker v.闪烁（= shine unsteadily） unsteadily（adv.不稳定地, 摇摆地）
flash vi.闪光, 闪现（= shine for a moment）
emit v.放射（= give off）
emit sound / emit smell / emit light / emit heat / emit smoke
flash v.闪光
prehistoric adj.史前的，老掉牙的（historic adj.历史上著名的, 有历史性的）
electronic adj.电子的
peculiar adj.奇异的（= strange and unusual）
-- The food has peculiar taste. 这食物有一种奇特的味道。
-- I‘m feeling rather peculiar. = I am felling ill.
Shock v.令人震惊，刺激人
-- get shocked 受震动
-- At the news, he got shocked.
Shock n.震惊（-- get a big shock）
emotionally adv.事情上
emotional adj.易激动的, 情绪的, 感情脆弱的（反义词：unemotional）
-- I think you agree with me, women are often said to be more emotional than men.
emotive adj.使感动的, 感情的, 动感情的
-- The word home is more emotive than house.
emotion n.（抽象的）感情
-- Love, hated, and grief are emotions.（grief n.悲痛, 悲伤）
feeling n.某时的内心感受
-- I can‘t describe my feeling now.
electric adj.电的, 用电的
dangerous adj.危险的
interest n.兴趣, 利息 vt.使发生兴趣
display n.陈列, 展览, 显示, 显示器 vt.陈列, 展览, 显示
form n.状, 形态, 外形
recent adj.新近的, 近来的
shaped adj.有形状的；成某种形状的
response n.回答, 响应, 反应
familiar adj.熟悉的, 常见的
line up v.整队, 排列起
against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着
wire n.属丝, 电线
metal n.金属
attract vt.吸引
structure n.结构, 构造, 构造物, 建筑物
colour（vt.把...涂颜色, 粉饰）à coloured（adj.有彩色的, 有色的）
spark n.火花, 火星, 闪光
lamp n.灯 vt.照亮
electric adj.电的, 导电的, 用电的 adj.惊人的, 令人兴奋的
Text 课文
How might some of the exhibits have been dangerous?
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more.
Rarely = seldom
本句= We are not surprised at modern sculpture .
The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken.
that引导同位语从句, 修饰限定the idea 的内容。
-- The idea that one can learn English well in English-speaking countries is mistaken.
Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern
sculpture on display in public places.
重点句式结构：
who take no interest in art 修饰说明people
take interest in 对…感兴趣 / show interest in 显示对…的兴趣
take delight in 对…感到高兴 / take pride in 对…感到骄傲
cannot, failed to 双重否定意味着肯定（强调肯定的语气）
-- He must have passed his examination last week.
= He cannot have failed to pass his examination last week.
-- You must keep your promise. = You can‘t fail to keep your promise.（n.许诺）
on display / on show 展览, 展出
Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.
We can see sculptures everywhere
We have got quite used to them. Some so-called ‘modern‘ pieces have been on display for
nearly eighty years.
get used to… = get accustomed to… 习惯于… （accustomed adj.通常的, 习惯的）
用夸张的口吻表明事实
In spite of this, some people -- including myself -- were surprise by a recent exhibition of
modern sculpture.
in spite of this 尽管如此（作者表明了自己的观点）
The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: ‘Do not touch
the exhibits.
重点句型：The first thing...was a notice which said...
I saw是定语从句省略了that
Some of them are dangerous!‘ The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture.
The sculpture can move.
Oddly shaped forms that are suspended form the ceiling and move in response to a gust of
wind are quite familiar to everybody.
句子主干：Oddly shaped forms are familiar to everybody
that引导的定语从句用来限定shaped forms
that 定语从句中：in response to = in reaction to 作为对…的反应
be familiar to sb 对某人来讲很熟悉
-- The house is familiar to him.
-- I don‘t really remember where I have seen him before, but he looks very familiar to me.
be familiar with sth 熟悉, 熟知
-- Are you familiar with the play of Shakespeare?
-- I‘m familiar with that book too.
These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires
attached to metal spheres.
lined up（过去分词做状语）与long thin wires为被动关系
attached to metal spheres（过去分词做定语）修饰long thin wires.
there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres.
= there were long thin wires that were attached to metal spheres.
The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time.
In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured
lights.
the center of the hall 展厅的中央
coloured lights 彩色灯泡
These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
continuously adv.不停止的
go mad 发疯, 发狂（= run mad）
-- He must have gone mad to do such a thing.
Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.
on and off = continually = Intermittently adv.间歇的, 断断续续的
on and on = continuously adv.无间断地, 连续不断地
-- It has been raining on and off since noon.
It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.
It was rather like... = It was more like...
These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them
electric shocks as well!
not only...but ...as well
seem(系动词)＋名词／形容词／分词
Key structures 关键句型
1...take no interest in art...on display...
2...got used to...
3...from the ceiling...in response to...familiar to...
4...attached to...
Special difficulties 难点
以元音+ｙ结尾的名词/动词, 加ｓ时直接加。
Day à days
Way à ways
Enjoy à enjoys
Buy à buys
以辅音+ｙ结尾的名词/动词, 加ｓ时, 去ｙ变I加es。
Lady à ladies
Berry à berries
Reply à replies
Jungle’s opinion：不能有三个辅音在一起, 否则不好读。（例：ladys）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. A正确
2. C正确
mobile adj.可移动的, 易变的, 机动的
effect n.结果, 效果, 作用, 影响
electronic adj.电子的
activate vt.刺激, 使活动, 开[起] 动, 触发
3. D正确 one could not pass them unnoticed
can not pass something unnoticed 不可能路过某物而不注意到它
-- The dress is so beautiful that I can‘t pass it unnoticed
unnoticed adj.不引人注意的, 被忽视的
untouched adj.未触及的; 没有动过的
4. C正确 eighty years ago（一般过去时）
5. C正确 entrance + to, arrival + in/at
6. prohibit vt.阻止, 禁止（重点强调法律或条例明文禁止）
prohibit somebody from doing something
-- The law prohibit children from buying alcohol.（n.酒精, 酒）
forbid somebody to do something
-- The law forbid children to buy alcohol.
7. A正确 in order that只能引导目的状语从句
so that可以引导目的和结果状语从句
1>引导目的状语从句时：so that + 情态动词
2>引导结果状语从句时：so that + 一般时态
8. D正确 both...and…（both和and的后面成分应该相同）
9. D正确 at one blow 强调一次重击
all of a sudden = suddenly
with a light touch 轻轻的一碰
10 A正确 gave off
11 B正确 illuminate v.照明, 照亮
-- illuminated by candle / illuminate the streets
enlighten vt.开导, 启发
enlightened adj.开通的, 开明的（-- enlightened policy 开明的政策）
alight vi.(不及物)下车, 落下（alighted, alighted）（alit, alit）
-- Passengers should not alight from the train until it has stopped.
alighted adj.点着的, 发亮的（= burning）
-- the fire is alighted/burning
12 C正确 designed表达一种意图
-- a book designed/intended mainly for English learner. 一本专门为英语学习者编写的书。
Draw vt.画（-- draw a picture）
Draw vt.支取, 提取（-- draw money from bank）
Create vt.创造
作者：西风玉树 回复日期：2004-8-17 14:15:42
Lesson 19 A very dear cat 一条贵重的宝贝猫
New words and expression 生词和短语
Dear adj.亲爱的，珍贵的；昂贵的
Dear = Costly（adj.昂贵的, 贵重的）= expensive
-- I can‘t afford the car because it‘s too dear.
Dear adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的
-- The cat is dear to me.（adj.珍贵的）
-- The lamb is prize to Mary = The lamb is dear to Mary
cost somebody dear 花了某人很多钱（dear adv.昂贵地, 价高地）
-- The cat cost the lady dear.
kidnapper n.绑架者，拐骗者
kidnap vt.诱拐(小孩), 绑架, 勒赎
-- They kidnapped five hostages.（n.人质, 抵押品）
considerable adj.相当大的
-- a considerable business. 大型企业。
-- He has got a considerable success.
Considerably adv.相当大地, 相当多地（= much, a lot , a great deal）
-- It‘s considerably colder today than yesterday.
Considerate（adj.考虑周到的）= thoughtful（adj.体贴的, 关切的）
be considerate to somebody 对某人很体贴
-- Are you considerate/thoughful to your wife?
Considered（adj.经慎重考虑的, 经过熟思的）
-- It‘s my considered opinion.
all things considered 就各方面而言
-- All things considered, he finished the work well.
Considering prep.conj.adv.就…而论；照…来看；考虑到…
介词-- Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.
就他的年龄来说, 这小孩读得算挺好的。
连词-- They have done it well considering (that) they have no experience.
副词-- He studies English well, considering. 就各方面而言, 他英语学得很好。
= He studies English well, all things considered.
Wealthy adj.富的，有钱的
Orderly adj.有规律的
Disappearance n.失踪
Anonymous adj.匿名的
Ransom n.赎金
pay ransom to somebody
-- The old lady paid a ransom of one thousand pounds to the kidnapper.
hold somebody to ransom 绑架某人为了赎金
-- They kidnapped the boy and held him to ransom.
Cardboard n.硬纸板
Withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn) v.（从银行）取钱
punctually adv.准时地
punctual adj.严守时刻的, 准时的
Punctuality n.准时
astound v.使吃惊
surprise, astonish, amaze, astound 语气一个比一个强
-- He was astounded to hear of her death.
-- They were amazed to find the lazy girl came very early.
Surprising adj.令人惊讶的
Surprised adj.感到惊讶的
Flat n.平面, 平地, 一层, 公寓 adj.平坦的, 扁平的
Word n.字, 词, 话
Sure adj.对....有把握, 确信某事 adv.的确, 当然
Amount n.数量
Text 课文
Why was Rastus ‘very dear‘ in more ways than one?
Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in
Mrs.
Rarely = seldom adv.很少地
be interest in = take interest in （一句话中用不同的表达方式, 是为了避免从复）
took great interest in = take enormous/tremendous interest in
Eleanor Ramsay‘s cat. Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy old lady, has shared a flat with
her cat, Rastus, for a great many years.
share something with somebody 和某人分享某物
-- I share the room with my friend.
For a great many years = for a long time.
Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always
home by seven o‘clock.
Orderly adj.有秩序的, 有顺序的
Discipline v.训练 n.纪律, 学科
Disciplined n.受过训练的,遵守纪律的
Regular adj.规则的, 有秩序的
takes a short walk = goes for a walk = goes for a stroll
stroll n.漫步, 闲逛
One evening, however, he failed to arrive.
Mrs. Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.
However的使用表明：he isn’t home that evening.
look for, find
There days after Rastus‘ disappearance, Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter.
after可以和名词搭配
-- three days after Johnson’s arrival. 约翰逊到来三天之后。
-- three days after the kidnapper’s appearance.
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs. Ramsay paid a ransom of $1,000.
State 非常正式的声明
Mrs. Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside
her door.
Instruct = order（vt.命令） = tell formally（adv.正式地, 形式上）
be instructed to do something
-- The journalist was instructed to obtain the exact statistics.
At first she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again -
the letter had made that quite clear -- she changed her mind.
Fearing 现在分词做原因状语
make it clear to somebody that…（it是形式主语）
-- The teacher has made it clear to us that we must read English aloud every day.
She withdrew $1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper‘s instructions.
The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs. Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper
would keep his word.
Keep his word = keep his promise 遵守诺言
word表示诺言时, 要采用单数形式
keep his word 遵守诺言 / break his word 失信用
give somebody one‘s word 向某人保证
-- I give you my word that I will return your bicycle.
as good as one‘s word 表示守信用（侧重点在于强调一个结果）
-- He promised to pay me the money and he was as good as his word.
他许诺把钱给我, 正如他所言他遵守了他的诺言。
go back on one‘s word 食言, 违背诺言
Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o‘clock that evening.
sure enough 强调确实如此
-- I said it would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
He looked very well though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk.
half a bottle of milk 半瓶牛奶
half the money 一半的钱 / half the distance 一半的距离
The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.
She explained that Rastus was very dear to her.
Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
in more ways than one = in many ways
dear具有双重意义（即是亲爱的, 又是昂贵的）
Special difficulties 难点
逗号的用法：
1>三个或三个以上的词、短语或句子只用一个并列连接词来连接，他们之间就要用逗号，并列连接词前也要用逗号
-- He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.
2>插入语或同位语前后必须用逗号分开
-- I own over a thousand books and, to make matters wore, the room is rather small.
3>状语从句位于句首时也要用逗号和主句分隔开来，放在句尾则不需要
-- After we had visited the market, we returned home.
= We returned home after we had visited the market.
4>非限定性定语从句必须用逗号分开
-- Thanks to the English Channel, which separates Britain from Europe, the country has not been
invaded since 1066.
5>语次转变词也应该用逗号将其和句子其他成分分开
-- A few cars, however, completed the race.
-- He feared the examination. He couldn’t, therefore, continued his study at school.
= He feared the examination. Therefore, He couldn’t continued his study at school.
6>介词短语和分词短语位于句首时, 也必须加逗号加以分隔。
-- Taking off his jacket, George pushed his arm through the drain cover.
-- With some children, small money goes a long way.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. A正确 could and would 愿意并有能力
companion n.同伴, 共事者
2. B正确 on what conditions 在什么样的基础之上
reveal vt.展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
3. A正确 greatly adv.很, 非常
4. B正确 for a great many years（用完成时）
5. D正确
6. A正确 reaction n.反应, 反作用
根据语法规则：
主语是ambition, duty, goal, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, policy, purpose, reaction, suggestion等名词的时, 句子的表语必须是to不定式短语, 该不定式短语是说明其内容的。
-- His purpose in life was to seek truth instead of money.
-- Our plan is to make better use of this material.
7. B正确
for fear + of/that
-- They are working hard for fear that they should fail.
= They are working hard for fear of failure.
afraid for 侧重点表示：为...感到担心, 害怕失去
-- The parents are often are afraid for their children. 父母常为孩子担心。
-- He was afraid for his job. 他害怕丢工作。
-- I am not afraid for my head. 我不怕掉脑袋。
8. D正确 修饰money用large
9. D正确
measured adj.慎重的, 有节奏的, 标准的, 整齐的, 有规则的
regular adj.强调有规则的
disciplined n.受过训练的, 遵守纪律的
10.B正确
go for a walk = go for a stroll
go on/for a trek 进行艰苦的跋涉
-- trek n.牛拉车旅行, 艰苦跋涉
go for a trot 去散步
-- trot n.小跑, 骑马, 疾走, 忙碌 lane n.（乡间）小路, 巷, 里弄
-- I‘m going for a trot down the lane. 我正沿着巷子小跑。
11.C正确 sure enough = as (was) expected
without a doubt adv.无疑地
as a matter of fact adv.事实上（in fact = actually 实际上, 事实上）
12.A正确 healthy adj.健康的, 健壮的
sane（adj.神志清楚的, 头脑清楚的）= sensible（明智的, 有判断力的）
Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱
New words and expression 生词和短语
Pioneer n.先驱 vi.vt.开拓, 为…开路, 作先驱者
Young pioneer 少先队员
A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者
Advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹
-- pioneer adult education 倡导成人教育
lord n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵
lordless adj.无君主的, 无丈夫的
lordship n.贵族权力, 贵族身份
lordly adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地
duke n.公爵
marquis n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作：marquess）
earl n.<英>伯爵
viscount n.(英国的)子爵
baron n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) , 大财主（女性为： baroness）
Calais n.加来（法国港市）
Overland adj.陆上的
Overnight n.头天晚上 adj.通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的 adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上
-- an overnight trip一整夜的旅行 / an overnight guest 过夜的客人
overpopulated adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的
overseas adv.海外 adj.外国的, 海外的
over+动词（over表示超过）
overeat vt.使吃过量 vi.吃得过多
oversleep vt.(使)睡过头 vi.睡过头, 睡得太久
overwork n.过度工作 v.(使)工作过度
overcharge v.讨价过高, 使过量装填, 过度充电 n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电
overestimate vt.评价过高 n.估计的过高
pilot n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员
engine n.发动机, 机车, 火车头
Calais 加来（法国北部港市）
Latest adj.最后的, 最迟的, 最新的, 最近的 n.最新消息, 最新式样
Last vi.持续, 支持, 维持
Dover n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）
Text 课文
What was the name of the first plane to fly across the English Channel?
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of f1,000 to the first man who would fly across the
English Channel.
the first man who would fly across… = the first man to fly across...
序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句
-- the first person to greet him was a local policeman
-- She was the only one to survive the plane crash. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。
= She was the only one that survive the plane crash.
Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间（则最佳翻译方法：才...）
attempt n.努力, 尝试, 企图 vt.尝试, 企图（attempt的语气比try强烈）
in one‘s attempt
-- She failed in her attempt to swim the English Channel. 她横度英吉利海峡的尝试失败了。
make an attempt on
-- He made an attempt on the mountain. 他试图攀登那座山。
make an attempt to do
-- She made every attempt to run away. 她想尽一切办法逃走。
make no attempt
-- She made no attempt to run away. 她没有想逃走。
On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in
his plane the ‘Antoinette IV.‘
He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was
forced to land on sea.
When = at that moment
Failed = break down 失灵, 出故障
Fail 失败、忽视
-- She failed to win the prize.
-- When I saw him, my words failed me. 当我见到他的时候, 我不知道说什么好了。
be forced to do 被迫做某事
The ‘Antoinette‘ floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
picked up = save = rescue
Two days alter, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called ‘No. XI‘. Bleriot had
been making planes since 1905 and this was his lattes model.
with a plane（with 具有、带有）-- a suitcase with a handle
A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered
twenty-six miles.
= A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight and during the flight he covered
twenty-six miles.
-- during which = during flight
Latham, however, did not give up easily.
He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new ‘Antoinette‘.
It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.
It looked as if 似乎, 看起来
-- It looked as if there would be a heavy storm.
Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough.
After making a short test flight at 4,15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later.
make a short test flight 做段距离试飞之后
His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes.
When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman.
= When he landed near Dover, the first person who greeted him was a local policeman.
Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was
unlucky again.
make another attempt 做了另一次试飞
His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.
for the first time / for the second time
Key structures 关键句型
介词和关系代词搭配的用法：（决定介词位置的四个因素）
1>在正式的用法和用于书面语中, 当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时, 能够把可移位
的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。
-- This is the person about whom I was telling you.
-- Is this the book for which you asked me?
2>在非正式的用法和口语当中, 介词一般要放在从句的末尾。
3>有些动词＋介词, 合成词组被看作是不可分隔的语言单位。这个时候介词必须紧跟动词,
不可移位
-- take after, account for
4>在很多情况下, 介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语, 在从句中起着状语作用, 与从句的
谓语动词毫无关系, 不是谓语动词的一部分。这时介词始终位于关系代词之前。
-- He described it was a very agreeable situation located within two small hills. + In the midst of
two small hills, flowed a great river. à He described it as a very agreeable situations located
within tow small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.
-- Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter in which the writer stated that Rastus was in safe
hands.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. C正确 develop（vt.使显出, 出现, 产生） take-off（n.起飞）
2. B正确
3. B正确 forced landing 迫降 properly（adv.适当地, 完全地）
4. C正确 序数词和不定式搭配连用
5. A正确 not till / not until
6. C正确 有just一般用完成时
7. D正确 promised vt.预示（有可能发生好的迹象）
threaten 预示…的恶兆
-- The river of liquid rock threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape
just in time.
这股岩浆威胁着要将他团团围住,但泰哲夫还是设法及时躲开了。
8. A正确
9. C 正确
no further 修饰距离 （-- I can walk no further. 我再也走不动了。）
no longer 修饰时间或长度 （-- He no longer lives here. 他再也不住这了。）
no more 修饰某物 （-- I can eat no more. 我再也吃不下了。）
10.D正确
-- The ship rode the waves. 这艘船漂浮在水面上。
hold water 论点或观点站得住脚
-- What you said doesn’t hold water. 你的话站不得住脚。
Watertight adj. 无懈可击的, 不漏水的, 不透水的
-- a watertight contract. 严密的合同
11.A正确
12.D正确
immense adj.修饰面积大得难以测量
grand adj.雄伟的, 壮丽的, 盛大的
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